[77] Danton was among the most vocal of the moderates who opposed the Committee. Whatever his true state, it is known that a few weeks after the marriage he abruptly left home for Paris unannounced having gathered up a pair of pistols and a good quantity of his mother's silver. 9 Copy quote Every political edict which is not based upon nature is wrong. Yet the revolution to which he devoted his life ended by devouring him, as it did so many of its own children. Louis Antoine De Saint-Just. Amid the uproar, recalled Barras, Saint-Just "did not leave the platform, in spite of the interruptions which would have driven any one else away. Saint-Just spent long periods away from the Committee, serving as a deputy on mission, during which time he took no part in the Committee’s decisions. Shortly after reaching the … He became a commander in his local National Guard unit. Voices from a momentous epoch 1789–1795, p. 230, "Saint-Just, Antoine Louis Léon de Richebourg de", History of the French Revolution by Adolphe Thiers, p. 426, "Lazare Carnot, French military engineer", "Albert Mathiez (1874-1932), La Révolution française : La chute de la Royauté; La Gironde et la Montagne; La Terreur", "Wajda's 'Danton', Inside the French Revolution", "La Révolution française, 2ème partie: Les années terribles - la critique", International Society of Political Psychology, "An Ethics of Measure: Camus and Rousseau", "Saint-Just: The French Revolution's 'Angel of Death, Les Orateurs de la Législative et de la Convention, "Robespierre and the Popular Movement of 1793–4", Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick, Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen, François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau, Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth, Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau, List of people associated with the French Revolution, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_Antoine_de_Saint-Just&oldid=999886984, Deputies to the French National Convention, French people executed by guillotine during the French Revolution, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. After Jean Baptiste Greuze (or rather after a bad quality B&W copy of the portrait). Many regions experienced revolts against Paris; while a full-scale civil war raged in western France. The family later moved north and in 1776 settled in the village of … It was against this backdrop that the revolutionaries embarked on a policy that legalised the use of terror. Though he couldn't go against Saint-Just due to the man's enormous influence, Arno managed to arrest Olivier and put an end to the plot against de Sade. The family later moved north and in 1776 settled in the village of Blérancourt in the former Picardy province, establishing themselves as a countryside noble family living off the rents from their land. [59] The two men were charged with "extraordinary powers" to impose discipline and reorganize the troops. Not the androgynous beauty of legend; that ‘angelic’ face was the invention of Michelet. [83] A measure of his change can be inferred from the experience of his former love interest Thérèse, who is known to have left her husband and taken up residence in a Parisian neighborhood near Saint-Just in late 1793. Louis Legendre. [39][40] "As for me", he declared, "I see no middle ground: this man must reign or die! She was the daughter of a wealthy notary, a powerful and autocratic figure in the town; he was still an undistinguished adolescent. But the political stability he praised was about to be shattered. Within a few months he was the commanding officer, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel. For the first time Saint-Just wavered in his loyalty to Robespierre. His mother, the daughter of a wealthy local notary and a woman of egalitarian notions, wished to reduce the nobility to the level of the middle class. There should be neither rich nor poor". Partly because he was prepared to speak publicly to justify it: along with fellow Committee members, Robespierre, Barère and Billaud-Varenne, he was one of the Committee’s principal spokesmen. [141] Camus also references Saint-Just in The Plague. La Forge was born on 24 or 26 November 1632 in La Flèche, inthe Loire valley in central France, the same town in which Descarteshad attended college between 1607 and 1615. See more ideas about french revolution, maximilien, revolution. Louis Antoine Léon de Saint-Just (in French pronounced as /sɛ̃ʒyst/; 25 August 176728 July 1794) was a Jacobin leader during the French Revolution. His forte was the set-piece speech, with its polished rhetoric, striking aphorisms and dramatic staging. Organt was published in 1789, the year the Revolution came: the year that transformed his life. Jean-Baptiste Drouet. He was born on August 25th, 1767 in Decize, in Burgundy, the son of a retired cavalry officer and a notary’s daughter. [20] At local meetings he moved attendees with his patriotic zeal and flair: in one much-repeated story, Saint-Just brought the town council to tears by thrusting his hand into the flame of a burning anti-revolutionary pamphlet, swearing his devotion to the Republic. [18] Their attempts were unsuccessful until 1790 when Blérancourt held its first open municipal elections. The constitutional monarchy was the best form of government; France was not suited to be a republic. [77] Robespierre again sent Saint-Just to the Convention to deliver a Committee "report" (31 March 1794) in which he announced the arrest of Danton and "the last partisans of royalism". [58][61] He was relentless in demanding results from the commanders as well as sympathetic to the complaints of common soldiers. [83] After the events of Germinal, Saint-Just intensified his control over the state-security apparatus. When the Hébertists fell, Robespierre felt compelled to eliminate his other rivals in the Cordeliers, starting with Fabre d'Églantine and his close friend Georges Danton. Signatur Louis Antoine de Saint-Just.PNG 127 × 40; 14 KB St just 96859.jpg 596 × 614; 110 KB Jean-Joseph-François Tassaert - La Nuit du 9 au 10 thermidor an II, Arrestation de Robespierre.jpg 1,925 × 1,348; 1,013 KB [50] Amid a flurry of proposals by other deputies, Saint-Just held inflexibly to his "one man one vote" plan, and this conspicuous homage to Greco-Roman traditions (which were particularly prized and idealized in French culture during the Revolution) enhanced his political cachet. [8] His venture ended when his mother had him seized by police and sent to a reformatory (maison de correction) where he stayed from September 1786 to March 1787. The Hébertists, led by self-proclaimed sans-culotte leader, Hébert, wanted to intensify the Terror; the Dantonists, led by Danton and Desmoulins, wanted to wind it down. [57] On his first day at the front, he issued a proclamation promising "examples of justice and severity as the Army has not yet witnessed". [113] Robespierre, Saint-Just, and twenty of their associates were guillotined the next day, and Saint-Just reputedly accepted his death with coolness and pride. This success as a représentant en mission led to two more visits to the front, including acclaimed participation in the major Battle of Fleurus. Saint-Just made his maiden speech to the Convention on November 13th. By all accounts Saint-Just bore himself with quiet courage. [121] Such constructs permit small groups to assume unwarranted powers which, according to Saint-Just, leads to corruption within society. On his final mission he held a mandate over the armies of the North and the East, ‘from the sea to the Rhine’. Louis Antoine de Saint-Just's speech to the National Convention (December 27, 1792), as quoted in "Oeuvres Completes de Saint-Just", Volume 1, edited by Charles Vellay (p. 383), 1908. [120] These constructs only become necessary when a society is in need of moral regeneration and serve merely as unsatisfactory substitutes for the natural bonds of free people. Despite his lack of record or influence, Saint-Just boldly denounced King Louis XVI from the speaker's rostrum and spearheaded a successful movement to have him executed. [1] He was the eldest child of Louis Jean de Saint-Just de Richebourg (1716–1777), a retired French cavalry officer (and knight of the Order of Saint Louis),[2] and Marie-Anne Robinot (1736–1811), the daughter of a notary. Royalty across Europe were shocked and dismayed at his execution. He remains the archetype of the young and idealistic revolutionary. At critical moments in the battles, and despite their civilian status, Saint-Just and Le Bas fought alongside the soldiers. "[71], As the spring of 1794 approached, the Committee of Public Safety, led by Robespierre, Saint-Just and Georges Couthon, exercised near complete control over the government. At the height of this bloody phase, Sanson decapitated 300 men and women in just three days, and the former royal executioner even guillotined King Louis XVI on … [57] He became "the ice-cold ideologist of republican purity",[131] "as inaccessible as stone to all the warm passions". Throughout the following year these two committees dominated the revolutionary government. The preservation of the maison Saint-Just has owed much to the efforts of determined individuals - particularly Anne Quennedy, president of th e Association pour la sauvegarde de la Maison de Saint-Just, and Patrick Laplace the longstanding Leftwing mayor of the tiny commune (which in 2014 boasted only 1231 inhabitants). But winding down the Terror would not be easy. It did not sell well and resulted in a financial loss for its author. As the accusations began to pile up, Saint-Just remained silent. [33] He left for Paris to join the National Convention as the youngest of its 749 members. He joined the Parisian Jacobin Club, but he remained aloof from Girondins and Montagnards alike. The episode fostered public anger toward the King which simmered all year until a Parisian mob finally attacked the Tuileries Palace on 10 August 1792. A colleague of Maximilien Robespierre in the Committee of Public Safety, and one of the youngest revolutionary ideologists, Louis Saint-Just was responsible for "Constitutional Legislation" during the "Reign of Terror" in 1793-1794. Yet Saint-Just was undeniably good-looking. Yet Saint-Just succeeded with that first speech in establishing himself as one of the most effective revolutionary orators. Due to variances in the way the death index was created, some records may have incomplete (partial) Date of Death information . Camus identifies Saint-Just's successful argument for the execution of Louis XVI as the moment of death for monarchical divine right, a Nietzschean Twilight of the Idols. Later that year Saint-Just managed to secure nomination to the new national representation, but his moment of triumph was short-lived; he was immediately denounced by the father of the girl he had once wanted to marry, who disclosed that Saint-Just was under the legal age. As a last formality of identification, he gestured to a copy of the Constitution of 1793 and said, "I am the one who made that. Chastened, Saint-Just attempted to begin anew: he enrolled as a student at Reims University's School of Law. Login with Facebook A year after the move, Louis Antoine's father died leaving his mother with their three children. [119], Based on the assumption that man is a social animal, Saint-Just argues that in nature there is no need for contracts, legislation, or acts of force. A few years earlier, Hugo’s contemporary and fellow countryman, the great republican historian Jules Michelet, described Saint-Just as ‘the archangel of death’, a phrase that encapsulated the legend of the unnaturally beautiful and cold-bloodedly terrible Saint-Just. French chemist and physicist, born at St. Léonard, in the department of Haute Vienne, on the 6th of December 1778. He sometimes used the name Léon, or Léonard, because it is the name of the patron saint of prisoners (presumably chosen because of his imprisonment in a correctional home, detailed below). Louis Antoine Saint - Just. For many people, Saint-Just, even more than Robespierre, embodies the revolution itself: young, full of feverish energy, courage and idealism, but, like the revolutionary Terror, capable of sacrificing human lives, including his own, to make the ideal a reality. After all, this young man, who died at the age of 27 and whose political career lasted only 22 months, is perhaps the most dazzling figure of the French Revolution. After several hours, however, the five were invited to take refuge in the Hôtel de Ville by the mayor [[]]. [127] This self-assurance manifested itself in a superiority complex, and he always "made it clear… that he considered himself to be in charge and that his will was law". J’ai pensé que l’ordre social était dans la nature même des choses, et n’empruntait de l’esprit humain que le soin d’en mettre à leur place les éléments divers; qu’un peuple pouvait être gouverné sans être assujetti, sans être licencieux, et sans être opprimé; que l’homme naissait pour la paix et pour la liberté, et n’était malheureux et corrompu que par les lois insidieuses de la … He was obliged to vegetate in Blérancourt for another year, restless, bored and frustrated. Above all, it was to Saint-Just that both committees entrusted the task of drafting and delivering several speeches used to destroy a series of revolutionary factions. He felt vindicated when the victory sent the Austrians and their allies i… When Saint-Just discovered this he was furious, not least with his mother, who had kept the news from him. The experiment ended when Saint-Just, along with Robespierre, succumbed to the guillotine in the bloodbath of Thermidor (July 1794). next › show all 25 : Works (25) Titles: Order: The Absolute Sandman Volume Two by Neil Gaiman: Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution by Simon Schama: Discours et rapports by Louis Antoine Léon de Saint-Just: Fatal Purity: Robespierre and the French Revolution by Ruth Scurr: France, 1789-1815: Revolution and … He spearheaded the … [71] Sincere or not, Saint-Just made impassioned arguments for them. It was an enormous risk to take. [32] Guard commander Saint-Just was able to win election as one of the deputies for the département of Aisne. The other deputies—even the Montagnards, who had long enjoyed an informal alliance with the sans-culottes—resented the action but felt compelled politically to permit it. Closely allied with Robespierre, he served with him on the Committee of Public … Jacob (Jacques) Presser. Robespierre swiftly shepherded the bill into law, and although Saint-Just was not directly involved in its composition, he was certainly supportive. All around them terrified people tried to escape. Shortly after its establishment, however, administration of the new bureau passed to Robespierre when Saint-Just left Paris once more for the front lines. The Jacobins tried to forge a better world, one in which democracy, liberty and equality would become a reality, but to achieve it they used state-sponsored coercion and violence, in what became known as the Terror. Charles-Élie, marquis de Ferrières. [64] A little over a week later, Saint-Just told the Convention that the Hébertist's activities were part of a foreign plot against the government. Exposició . [48], The Convention had given the Committee extraordinary authority to provide for state security since the outbreak of the French Revolutionary War in early 1793. If he lived, he would continue to be a danger to the republic. Saint-Just used these assorted names in various … Although his words and actions may be viewed as reprehensible, his commitment to them is rarely questioned: he was "implacable but sincere". Louis Antoine Léon de Saint-Just (pengucapan bahasa Prancis: ; lahir 25 Agustus 1767 – meninggal 28 Juli 1794 pada umur 26 tahun) adalah seorang pemimpin politik dan militer pada masa Revolusi Prancis.Sebagai deputi termuda yang terpilih dalam Konvensi Nasional pada 1792, Saint-Just cepat meningkatkan pangkatnya dan menjadi pemimpin besar dari pemerintahan Republik Prancis Pertama. Louis Antoine Léon de Saint-Just[a] (French pronunciation: ​[sɛ̃ʒyst]; 25 August 1767 – 28 July 1794) was a Jacobin leader during the French Revolution. His speech was based on vague and unsubstantiated allegations, provided for him by Robespierre, who shrank from delivering the actual speech. The next day, without trial, Robespierre and his followers were taken to the guillotine. It may have influenced him in other ways, too, for in later writings he attacked the oppression of women and children in patriarchal families and defended women’s freedom to choose whom they loved. Unlike many Jacobins, he did not adopt the rough clothes of the sans-culottes, the Parisian militants. [1] He was the eldest child of Louis Jean de Saint-Just de Richebourg (1716–1777), a retired French cavalry officer, knight of the Order of Saint Louis, [2] and 20 year younger Marie-Anne Robinot (1736–1791), the daughter of a notary. In 1789, Louis Antoine de Saint-Just, son of a retired cavalry officer, was twenty-two. The Convention agreed in a vote on 13 Ventôse Year II (3 March 1794). https://www.madamegilflurt.com/2014/07/saint-just-execution.html Along the way he was a primary draftsman of radical Jacobin legislation such as the Ventôse Decrees and the Constitution of 1793. Shortly after reaching the minimum legal age of 25 in August 1792, he won election as a deputy to the National Convention in Paris. ... For his unyielding severity, later writers dubbed him the "Angel of Death". She saved diligently for her only son's education, and in 1779 he was sent to the Oratorian school at Soissons. LOUIS SAINT-JUST. In a spirit of mischief Saint-Just dedicated his book to the Vatican. More famous for his death than for his life, he was executed on trumped-up charges during the French Consulate. Robespierre ceased to attend meetings. [124], Ambitious and active-minded,[125] Saint-Just worked urgently and tirelessly towards his goals: "For Revolutionists there is no rest but in the tomb". A mong the leaders of the French Revolution none has a more mythical status than Louis-Antoine de Saint-Just. [103][104] He replied he sent the beginning to a friend and refused to show them his notes. The Convention, in one of its "worst fits of cowardice", assented to a proposal made by Louis Antoine de Saint-Just during the trial that, if a prisoner showed want of respect for justice, the tribunal might exclude the prisoner from further proceeding and pronounce sentence in his absence. "[106], At noon, Saint-Just went straight to the convention, prepared to blame everything on Billaud, Collot d'Herbois and Carnot. Louis Charles Antoine Desaix ... he threw himself into the cause of liberty. 28 July 1794), usually known as Saint-Just, was a military and political leader during the French Revolution. Louis Antoine de Bourbon, Duke of Enghien (duc d'Enghien pronounced [dɑ̃ɡɛ̃]) (Louis Antoine Henri; 2 August 1772 – 21 March 1804) was a member of the House of Bourbon of France. As his life ended, the myth began. Their deaths caused deep resentment in the Convention, and their absence only made it more difficult for the Jacobins to influence the dangerously unpredictable masses of sans-culottes. [115], Many of Saint-Just's legislative proposals were compiled after his death to form an outline for a communal and egalitarian society. [56], Saint-Just proposed that deputies from the Convention should directly oversee all military efforts, which was approved on 10 October 1793. [82], As the deliverer of Committee reports, Saint-Just served as the public face of the Terror, and later writers dubbed him the "Angel of Death". Back in 1790 Saint-Just had written to Robespierre, declaring: ‘You whom I know only, as I know God, by his miracles.’ Robespierre was flattered, as Saint-Just had intended, but there is no reason to think that Saint-Just was being insincere. Louis Antoine de Saint-Just. Within ten months the political situation spiralled into renewed crisis. [34][35], Among the deputies, Saint-Just was watchful but interacted little at first. But there were limits to how much social equality the Jacobins could enforce. [29], The new work, like its predecessor, attracted minimal readership. The war with Austria and Prussia, brought about by the group known as the Girondins, was proceeding disastrously, with the French fighting a defensive war within their borders. [122] Because a return to the natural state is impossible, Saint-Just argues for a government composed of the most educated members of society, who could be expected to share an understanding of the larger social good. They hoped to marry but her father wanted a wealthier son-in-law. Once news broke that the five had been outlawed, few sans-culottes were prepared to risk their lives for them. [19], He immediately exhibited the ruthless disciplinarianism for which he would be famous. Yet when he surveyed his achievement he was dissatisfied with it and with himself. One biographer, the American Eugene Curtis, saw in Saint-Just a French incarnation of the romantic and radical poet Shelley. After a period of schooling, he ran away from home to Paris, taking with him part of the family silver. Because you loathe solitude, you are constantly looking for company, and if possible, for an amorous company. The Jacobin leaders worked long hours and were often under considerable strain; over time, the effects of this exhausting lifestyle began to show in his face. [149], For other people or places named Saint-Just, in whole or in part, see, Significant civil and political events by year. The following year his father died, leaving the mother to bring up her children alone. At his mother’s insistence the adolescent was tracked down, interrogated by the police and imprisoned in a house of detention, where he spent six miserable months to reflect upon his misdeeds. After Jean Baptiste Greuze (or rather after a bad quality B&W copy … He had fallen out bitterly with several Jacobins whom he saw as extremists; some of them were members of the committees. He sent his sisters to convents and banished the women of the palace who had formed part of his father's entourage. The uproar climaxed with the arrest of Robespierre, Saint-Just and three other deputies (including Le Bas, who insisted on joining his friends), all accused of conspiracy against the republic. The two men became close friends as well as like-minded colleagues and, until the last weeks of their lives, Saint-Just’s loyalty to the Incorruptible did not waver. Louis Antoine Léon de Saint-Just Louis de Saint-Just was born on Aug. 25, 1767, in Decize, the son of an army officer. People/Characters: Louis Antoine de Saint-Just. 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